Longitudinal Associations Between Bullying and Children's Preference for Television Violence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.7Keywords:
Bullying, television violence, longitudinal studyAbstract
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations between bullying and preference for violent television programs. A sixth-month, two time-point longitudinal design was used in order to identify the direction of the relation between bullying and preference for violent television programs. The participants were 417 sixth grade students of elementary schools in Cyprus. They completed the bullying subscale of the Revised Bullying and Victimization Questionnaire (BVQ-R) and the Preference for Television Violence Questionnaire (PTVQ). The findings of this study suggested a reciprocal relation between preference for violent TV programs and bullying. Specifically, bullying at Time1 positively predicted an increase in violent TV programs preference at Time 2. Similarly, preference for TV violence at Time1 positively predicted bullying at Time 2. We conclude that prior involvement in bullying may function as a risk factor for more future preference for violent programs on television and at the same time children who already prefer violent programs are more likely to manifest bullying in the future.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-1131(98)90128-6
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90127-N
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.03.001
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0033721
Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Henrich, C. C., & Avraamides, M.A. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period of time. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 179-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20295
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Georgiou, St. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: the role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109-125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709907X204363
Georgiou, S. N., & Stavrinides, P. (2008). Bullies, Victims and Bully-Victims: Psychosocial Profiles and Attribution Styles. School Psychology International 29, 574-589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034308099202
Graham, S. & Juvonen, J. (2001). An Attributional Approach to Peer Victimization, in S. Graham and J. Juvonen (Eds) Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized, pp. 49-72. New York: Guilford Press.
Griffin, R. S., & Gross, A. M. (2004). Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior 9, 379-400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00033-8
Huesmann, L. R. (1982). Television violence and aggressive behavior. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties, (pp. 126-137). Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.
Huesmann, L. R., Lagerspetz, K., & Eron, D. L. (1984). Intervening variables in the television violence-aggression relation: evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 746-775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.5.746
Huesmann, L. R., (1987). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<13::AID-AB2480140104>3.0.CO;2-J
Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to television violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201
Josephson, W. L. (1987). Television violence and children’s aggression: Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 882-890.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.882
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M.A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong , the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1231
Kuntsche, N. E. (2004). Hostility Among Adolescents in Switzerland? Multivariate Relations Between Excessive Media Use and Forms of Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 230-236.
Kuntsche, N. E., Pickett, W., Overpeck, M., Craig, W., Boyce W., & Gaspar, M. M. (2006). Television Viewing and Forms of Bullying among Adolescents from Eight Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 908-915.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.06.007
Kyriakides, L., Kaloyirou, C., & Lindsay, G. (2006). An analysis of the revised Olweus bully/victim questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 781-801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709905X53499
Linder, J.R, & Gentile, D.A (2009).?s the television rating system valid? Indirect, verbal, and physical aggression in programs viewed by fifth grade girls and associations with behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 286-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.013
Marcoulides, G., & Schumacker, R. (1996). Advanced structural equation modeling: issues and techniques. Hilsdale: Erlbaum.
National Institute of Mental Health (1982). Television and Behavior. Ten years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties, vol 1. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Oxford: Blackwel.
Olweus, D. (1996). The revised Olweus Bully/Victim questionnaire for students. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., ,Österman, K., & Kaukiainen A. (1998). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T
Smith, P.K, Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, D., Olweus, D., Catalano, R., & Slee, P. (1999). The nature of school bullying. A cross-national perspective. London: Routledge.
U.S. Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. (1972). Television and growing up: The impact of televised violence. Washington, DC.
Wartella, E. & Reeves, B. (1985). Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960. Journal of Communication 35(2), 118-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02238.x
Zimmerman,F.J., Glew, G.M., Christakis, D.A & Katon, W. (2005). Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,159, 384-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384
Bentler, P.M. (2004). EQS Structural Equation Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software,
Berkowitz, L. (1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti-social and pro-social influences of media events: A cognitive neoassociationistic analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 410-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.410
Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2001). Effects of televised violence on aggression. In D. G. Singer,&J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 223?254). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Carney, A. G., & Merrell, K. W. (2001). Bullying in schools: Perspective on understanding and preventing an international problem. School Psychology International, 22(3), 364-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034301223011
Charlton, T. (1998). Reproaching television for violence in society: passing the buck? Interim results from a naturalistic study in St Helena, South Atlantic. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 5, 169-171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-1131(98)90128-6
Comstock, G., & Strasburger, V. C., (1990). Deceptive appearances: Television Violence and Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 11, 31-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90127-N
Coyen, S. M., Archer, J., & Elsea, M. (2004). Cruel intentions on television and in real life: Can viewing indirect aggression increase viewers’ subsequent indirect aggression? Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 234-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.03.001
Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., Huesmann, L. R., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 253-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0033721
Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Henrich, C. C., & Avraamides, M.A. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period of time. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 179-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20295
Farrington, D. (1993). Understanding and Preventing Bullying. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 17. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Georgiou, St. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: the role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109-125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709907X204363
Georgiou, S. N., & Stavrinides, P. (2008). Bullies, Victims and Bully-Victims: Psychosocial Profiles and Attribution Styles. School Psychology International 29, 574-589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034308099202
Graham, S. & Juvonen, J. (2001). An Attributional Approach to Peer Victimization, in S. Graham and J. Juvonen (Eds) Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized, pp. 49-72. New York: Guilford Press.
Griffin, R. S., & Gross, A. M. (2004). Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior 9, 379-400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00033-8
Huesmann, L. R. (1982). Television violence and aggressive behavior. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties, (pp. 126-137). Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.
Huesmann, L. R., Lagerspetz, K., & Eron, D. L. (1984). Intervening variables in the television violence-aggression relation: evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 746-775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.5.746
Huesmann, L. R., (1987). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<13::AID-AB2480140104>3.0.CO;2-J
Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to television violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201
Josephson, W. L. (1987). Television violence and children’s aggression: Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 882-890.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.882
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M.A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong , the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1231
Kuntsche, N. E. (2004). Hostility Among Adolescents in Switzerland? Multivariate Relations Between Excessive Media Use and Forms of Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 230-236.
Kuntsche, N. E., Pickett, W., Overpeck, M., Craig, W., Boyce W., & Gaspar, M. M. (2006). Television Viewing and Forms of Bullying among Adolescents from Eight Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 908-915.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.06.007
Kyriakides, L., Kaloyirou, C., & Lindsay, G. (2006). An analysis of the revised Olweus bully/victim questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 781-801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709905X53499
Linder, J.R, & Gentile, D.A (2009).?s the television rating system valid? Indirect, verbal, and physical aggression in programs viewed by fifth grade girls and associations with behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 286-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.013
Marcoulides, G., & Schumacker, R. (1996). Advanced structural equation modeling: issues and techniques. Hilsdale: Erlbaum.
National Institute of Mental Health (1982). Television and Behavior. Ten years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties, vol 1. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Oxford: Blackwel.
Olweus, D. (1996). The revised Olweus Bully/Victim questionnaire for students. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., ,Österman, K., & Kaukiainen A. (1998). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T
Smith, P.K, Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, D., Olweus, D., Catalano, R., & Slee, P. (1999). The nature of school bullying. A cross-national perspective. London: Routledge.
U.S. Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. (1972). Television and growing up: The impact of televised violence. Washington, DC.
Wartella, E. & Reeves, B. (1985). Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960. Journal of Communication 35(2), 118-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02238.x
Zimmerman,F.J., Glew, G.M., Christakis, D.A & Katon, W. (2005). Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,159, 384-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384
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Published
2013-04-17
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Stavrinides, P., Tsivitanou, A., Nikiforou, M., Hawa, V., & Tsolia, V. (2013). Longitudinal Associations Between Bullying and Children’s Preference for Television Violence. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.7
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