Counting Shadows – Measuring trafficking in Persons in Australia

Authors

  • Matthew Wise The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Australia
  • Andreas Schloenhardt The University of Queensland School of Law and University of Vienna, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vienna, Austria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.21

Keywords:

Trafficking in persons, Australia, dark figure of crime, trafficked persons

Abstract

The true extent and nature of trafficking in persons in Australia remains a mystery despite wild speculations about the scale of this problem. This article aims to dispel some of the confusion surrounding trafficking in persons by examining the claims made about the prevalence of this offence and displacing many of the myths about the number of victims in Australia. This involves an analysis of the Australian Government’s approach to data collection and a critical examination of the data provided by non-official sources, especially non-governmental organisations and advocacy groups. The article also investigates the ‘dark figure’ of trafficking in persons in Australia and concludes by developing recommendations to measure trafficking in persons in Australia more accurately and by offering directions for further research in this field.

References

Albanese, Jay. 2007. “A Criminal Network Approach to Understanding & Measuring Trafficking in Human Beings.” Pp. 55-72 in Measuring Human Trafficking – Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by E.U. Savona and S. Stefanizzi. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-68044-6_7

Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee.2009. Traffic-king in Persons: The Australian Government’s Response January 2004–April 2009.

Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee. 2011. Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government’s Response 1 July 2010–30 June 2011.

Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee. 2012. Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government’s Response 1 July 2011 – 30 June 2012.

Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee. Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government’s Response 1 May 2009 – 30 June 2010.

Aromaa, Kauko. 2007. “Uniform Definitions for Measuring Trafficking.” Pp. 13-27 in Measuring Human Trafficking – Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by E.U. Savona and S. Stefanizzi. New York: Springer.

Aronowitz, Alexis A. 2009. Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Aronowitz, Alexis A.. 2010.“Overcoming the Challenges to Accurately Measuring the Phenomenon of Human Trafficking” International Review of Penal Law 81:493-511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.813.0493

AusAID Southeast Asia Region. 2011. Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project (ARTIP Report). < http://aid.dfat.gov.au/ countries/eastasia/regional/Documents/asia-regional-trafficking-in-persons-report.pdf > (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept.2004. Australian Government’s Action Plan to Eradicate Trafficking in Persons. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2010 (1 January–30 June). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2010 (1 July–31 December). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2011 (1 January–30 June). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2011 (1 July–31 December). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2012 (1 January–30 June). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2012 (1 July–31 December). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2013 (1 January–30 June). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Attorney-General’s Dept. 2013 (1 July–31 December). Australian Government Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery Whole-of-Government Performance Management Reporting. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australia. Minister for Justice & Customs, Chris Ellison, Transcript of Doorstep Interview, (Parliament House, Canberra, ACT, 13 October 2003).

Australian Crime Commission. 2011.Organised Crime in Australia 2011. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2004. Annual Report 2003–04. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2005. Annual Report 2004–05. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2006. Annual Report 2005–06. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2007. Annual Report 2006–07. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2008. Annual Report 2007–08. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2009. Annual Report 2008–09. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2010. Annual Report 2009–10. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2011. Annual Report 2010–11. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2011. Anti-Human Trafficking Community Resource<http://www.afp.gov.au/policing/~/media/afp/pdf/a/Anti-HumanTraffickingCommunityResource.ashx> (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Australian Federal Police. 2011.Anti-Human Trafficking Community Resource<http://www.afp.gov.au/policing/~/media/afp/pdf/a/Anti-HumanTraffickingCommunityResource.ashx > (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Australian Federal Police. 2012. Annual Report 2011–12. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2013. Annual Report 2012–13. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Australian Federal Police. 2013. Human Trafficking<http://www.afp. gov.au/policing/human-trafficking.aspx> (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Australian National Audit Office. 2009. Management of the Australian Government’s Action Plan to Eradicate Trafficking in Persons. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Biderman, Albert D., Albert J. Reiss Jr. 2005. “On Exploring the “Dark Figure”” of Crime” Pp. 201-15 in Quantitative Methods in Criminology, edited by S. Bushway and D. Weisburd. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315089256-9

Brockett, Linda and Alison Murray. 1994. “Thai Sex Workers in Sydney.” Pp. 191-202 in Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia, edited by Roberta Perkins. Sydney: UNSW Press.

Carrington, Kerry and Jane Hearn. 2003. “Trafficking and the Sex Industry: From Impunity to Protection.” (Parliament of Australia, Current Issues Brief No. 28). Canberra, ACT: Parliament of Australia.

Coleman, Clive and Jenny Moynihan. 1996. Understanding Crime Data: Haunted By the Dark Figure. London: Open University Press.

Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. 2013.Annual Report 2012–13. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. 2012.Annual Report 2011–12. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 11 Aug 1999, 8497–8498 (Sharman Stone, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage).

Di Nicola, Andrea. “Researching Into Human Trafficking: Issues and Problems.” Pp. 49-72 in Human Trafficking, edited by M. Lee. New York: Taylor and Francis.

Donovan, Samantha. 2012. “Study Critical of Support for Trafficked Women,” ABC News (online), October 3 <http://www.abc. net.au/news/2012-10-03/study-critical-of-support-for-trafficked-women/4292686> (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Kangaspunta, Kristiina. 2007. “Collecting Data on Human Trafficking: Availability, Reliability and Comparability of Trafficking Data.” Pp. 27-36 in Measuring Human Trafficking – Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by E.U. Savona and S. Stefanizzi. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-68044-6_4

Kapernick, David. 2012. “Shocking Finding: Women used as sex slaves in Melbourne and Sydney,” news.com.au (online), 02 October 2012,<http://www.news.com.au/national/trafficked-women-forced-into-brothels/story-fndo4eg9-1226486787059>.

Laczko, Frank. 2007. “Enhancing Data Collection and Research on Trafficking in Persons.” Pp. 37-44 in Measuring Human Trafficking – Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by E.U. Savona and S. Stefanizzi. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-68044-6_5

Landini, Gregory. 2010. Russell. Florence, KY: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203846490

Larsen, Jacqueline Joudo and Lauren Renshaw. 2012. “People Trafficking in Australia.”(Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No 441). Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Lazos, Grigoris. 2007. “Qualitative Research in Trafficking – A Particular Case.” Pp. 95-106 in Measuring Human Trafficking – Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by E.U. Savona and S. Stefanizzi. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-68044-6_9

Lindquist, Johan. 2013.“Beyond anti-anti-trafficking.” Dialect Anthropol 37(2):319-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9310-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9310-5

Lyall, Kimina. 2003. “Police Lay First Sex Traffic Charges,” The Australian, June 19, pp. 1-3.

Maltzahn, Kathleen. 2008. Trafficked. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

Newton, Phyllis J., Timothy M. Mulcahy and Susan E. Martin. 2008. “Finding Victims of Human Trafficking.” Paper presented to the US Department of Justice, Washington. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e540892008-001

Noaks, Lesley and Emma Wincup. 2004. Criminological Research Understanding Qualitative Methods. London: SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208789

O’Brien, Erin, Sharon Hayes and Belinda Carpenter. 2013. The Politics of Sex Trafficking: A Moral Geography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137318701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318701

O’Brien, Natalie and Elisabeth Wynhausen. 2003. “Canberra to Review Sex Slave Policing,” The Australian, April 4, pp. 6-7.

O’Brien, Natalie and Elisabeth Wynhausen. 2003. “Sex Slaves May Get Witness Protection,” The Australian, March 26, pp. 6-8.

Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission. 2004. Inquiry into the Trafficking of Women for Sexual Servitude. Canberra, ACT: Parliament of Australia.

Pearson, Elaine. 2007. “Australia.” Pp. 28-61 in Collateral Damage: The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights around the World, edited by M. Dottridge. Bangkok: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women.

Project Respect. 2004. ‘One Victim of Trafficking is One Too Many’: Counting the Human Cost of Trafficking: Cases of Trafficking in Australia Documented in Feb/March 2004. Collingwood, VIC: Project Respect.

Project Respect. 2008. How Are Women Trafficked? (accessed on 17/08/2014).

Putt, Judy. 2007. “Human Trafficking to Australia: A Research Challenge.” (Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No 338). Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Schloenhardt, Andreas and Jarrod Jolly. 2013. Trafficking in Persons in Australia. Sydney, NSW: LexisNexis.

Schloenhardt, Andreas and Rose Hunt-Walshe. 2012. “The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Australia’s Anti-Trafficking in Persons Framework”.University of Western Australia Law Review 36:57-91.

Schloenhardt, Andreas, Genevieve Beirne and Toby Corsbie. 2009.“Trafficking in Persons in Australia: Myths and Realities.”Global Crime 10(3):224-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440570903079931 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570903079931

Schloenhardt, Andreas, Genevieve Beirne and Toby Corsbie. 2009.“Human trafficking and sexual servitude in Australia.” UNSW Law Journal 32(1):27-49.

Segrave, Marie. 2005. “Surely something is better than nothing? The Australian response to the trafficking of women into sexual servitude in Australia.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 16(1):85-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2004.12036308

Shaw, Meagan. 2003. “Police Team to Tackle Sex Slavery,” The Age (Melbourne), October 14, pp. 4-7.

Skogan, Wesley G. 1977. “Dimensions of the Dark Figure of Unreported Crime.” Crime & Delinquency 23(1):41-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112877702300104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877702300104

Snajdr, Edward. 2013.“Beneath the Master Narrative: Human Trafficking, Myths of Sexual Slavery and Ethnographic Realities.” Dialect Anthropol 37(2):229-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9292-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9292-3

Steele, Sarah. 2007. “Trafficking in People: The Australian Government’s Response.” Alternative Law Journal 32(1):18-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X0703200107

Weitzer, Ronald. 2012.“Sex Trafficking and the Sex Industry.” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 101(4):1337-70.

Weitzer, Ronald. 2013.“Rethinking Human Trafficking.” Dialect Anthropol 37(2):309-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9313-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9313-2

Downloads

Published

2014-09-08

How to Cite

Wise, M., & Schloenhardt, A. (2014). Counting Shadows – Measuring trafficking in Persons in Australia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 3, 249–266. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.21

Issue

Section

Articles