Macroeconomics and Drug Use: A Review of the Literature and Hypotheses for Future Research
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.04Keywords:
Economics, recession, unemployment, drug use, drug abuseAbstract
Despite more than a century of drug prohibition, problems of addiction and drug abuse continue to be major global public health and criminal justice concerns (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015). It has long been obvious that many of these problems are entwined with other economic and social issues. The editors of The Economist, in reporting evidence of a decline in drug use in the UK, speculated on the impact of the concurrent economic slowdown and commented that, “few academics have studied the link between drug use and macroeconomic performance, and what work exists is inconclusive” (Drug use and abuse: The fire next time, 2011). The goal of this paper will be to examine the work that exists on this topic and to propose a set of hypotheses to be tested in future studies.
References
Abraham, Katharine G., and Lawrence F. Katz. 1986. “Cyclical Unemployment: Sectoral Shifts or Aggregate Disturbances?” Journal of Political Economy 94(3):507-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261387
aAkerlof, G. A., Dickens, W. R., & Perry, G. L. 1996. “The macroeconomics of low inflation.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1):1-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2534646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2534646
American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Atkeson, Andrew, and Patrick J. Kehoe. 2004. “Deflation and Depression: Is There an Empirical Link?” American Economic Review 94(2):99-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301588
Bachman, Jerald, Lloyd Johnston, Patrick M. O'Malley, and John E. Schulenberg, 2006. The Monitoring the Future project after thirty-two years: Design and procedures (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 64). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Beck, Nathaniel. 2006. Time-series -- Cross- section Methods. New York: New York University. Retrieved from http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2576/beck.pdf
Beck, Nathaniel and Jonathan N. Katz (1995). "What To Do (and Not To Do) with Times-Series Cross-Section Data." American Political Science Review 89:634-647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2082979
Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N. Katz, and Richard Tucker. (1997). Beyond Ordinary Logit: Taking Time Seriously in Binary Time Series Cross Sectional Models. Social Science Working Paper 1017, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=650ECF3BD285C82B9DFD8D627EA3954A?doi=10.1.1.28.3132&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Bellis, Mark A., Karen Hughes, Michela Morleo, Karen Tocque, Sara Hughes, Tony Allen, Dominic Harrison, and Eduardo Fe-Rodriguez. 2007. “Predictors of Risky Alcohol Consumption in Schoolchildren and Their Implications for Preventing Alcohol-related Harm.” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy 2:15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-15
Birckmayer, Johanna D., Harold D. Holder, George S. Yacoubian, and Karen B. Friend. 2004. “A General Causal Model to Guide Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Prevention: Assessing the Research Evidence.” Journal of Drug Education 34(2):121-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/PYL2-FF8N-6B6C-A57R DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/PYL2-FF8N-6B6C-A57R
Blackwell, J. Michael. 2014. “Costs and Consequences of US Drug Prohibition for the Peoples of Developing Nations.” Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 24(3):665-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18060/18280
Blanchard, Olivier, and Lawrence F. Katz. 1997. “What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11(1):51-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.1.51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.1.51
Bor, Jacob, Sanjay Basu, Adam Coutts, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler (2013). “Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008–2009.” Alcohol and Alcoholism 48(3):343-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt002
Brandon, Emily. 2013, April 29. “How the Chained CPI Affects Social Security Payments - US News.” Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/articles/2013/04/29/how-the-chained-cpi-affects-social-security-payments
Brener, Nancy D., Laura Kann, Shari L. Shanklin, Steven A. Kinchen, Danice K. Eaton, Joseph Hawkins, and Katherine H. Flint. 2013. “Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system -- 2013.” MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 62(rr-1):1-20.
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1967. “Economic change and mental hospitalization: New York State, 1910–1960.” Social Psychiatry, 2(4):180-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00578054
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1971. Time series analysis of the relationships between economic and social indicators. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1973. Mental illness and the economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1975. “Trends in alcohol consumption and associated illnesses. Some effects of economic changes.” American Journal of Public Health, 65(12):1279-1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.65.12.1279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.65.12.1279
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1976. Estimating the social costs of national economic policy: Implications for mental and physical health and criminal aggression. Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office.
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1979. “Mortality and the national economy: A review, and the experience of England and Wales, 1936-76.” The Lancet 314(8142):568-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91626-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91626-X
Brenner, M. Harvey. 1984. Estimating the effects of economic change on national health and social well being. Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Brenner, M. Harvey. And R. T. Swank. 1986. “Homicide and economic change: Recent analyses of the Joint Economic Committee report of 1984.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(1):81-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064597
Brenner, M. Harvey. 2005. “Commentary: Economic growth is the basis of mortality rate decline in the 20th century -- Experience of the United States 1901–2000.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(6):1214-1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi146
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015, December 2). Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions. Washington, DC: author. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpifaq.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). The consumer price index. Washington, DC: author. Retrieved from: http://www.bls.gov/ opub/hom/pdf/homch17.pdf
Cahalan, Don, I. H. Cisin, and Crossley, H. M. (1969). American drinking practices: A national survey of drinking behavior and attitudes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
Casler, Stephen D. 1992. Introduction to Economics. New York, NY: HarperPerennial.
Catalano, Ralph. 1997. “An Emerging Theory of the Effect of Economic Contraction on Alcohol Abuse in the United States.” Social Justice Research 10(2):191-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02683312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683312
Catalano, Ralph, Karen Rook, and David Dooley 1986. “Labor markets and help-seeking: A test of the employment security hypothesis.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27:277-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136747
Crawford, Alex, Martin A. Plant, Norman Kreitman, and Richard W. Latcham. 1987. “Unemployment and Drinking Behavior: Some Data From a General Population Survey of Alcohol Use.” British Journal of Addiction, 82(9):1007-1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01561.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01561.x
Crocq, Marc-Antoine. 2007. “Historical and Cultural Aspects of Man’s Relationship with Addictive Drugs.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 9(4):355–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.4/macrocq
Dalrymple, Theodore. 2006. Romancing Opiates: Pharmacological Lies and the Addiction Bureaucracy. New York: Encounter Books.
De Goeij, Moniek C.M., Marc Suhrcke, Veronica Toffolutti, Dike van de Mheen, Tim M. Schoenmakers, and Anton E. Kunst (2015). “How Economic Crises Affect Alcohol Consumption
and Alcohol-related Health Problems: A Realist Systematic Review.” Social Science and Medicine 131:131–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025
Dee, Thomas S. 2001. “Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross-sections of individual level data.” Health Economics, 10(4):257-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.588
Dom, Geert, Jerzy Samochowiec, Sara Evans-Lacko, Kristian Wahlbeck, Guido Van Hal, and David McDaid(2016). “The Impact of the 2008 Economic Crisis on Substance Use Patterns in the Countries of the European Union.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13:122-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010122
Drucker, Ernest. (1999). “Drug Prohibition and Public Health: 25 Years of Evidence.” Public Health Reports, 114(1):14-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phr/114.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/114.1.14
Drug Policy Alliance. 2015. The Federal Drug Control Budget: New Rhetoric, Same Failed Drug War. Viewed Oct. 18, 2015 at http://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA_Fact_sheet_Drug_War_Budget_Feb2015.pdf
Drug Use and Abuse: The Fire Next Time. The Economist, Nov 19, 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/21538765
Duncan, David F. 1988. Epidemiology: Basis for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. New York: Macmillan.
Duncan, David F. 1994. “Editorial: Rethinking Drug Policy Options -- Getting Beyond Prohibition Versus Legalization.” Substance Abuse, 15:197-198.
Duncan, David F., Thomas Nicholson, John B. White, and Greg Ellis-Griffith. 2014. “A Brief History of Prohibition and Treatment Solutions for Substance Abusers.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 3:186-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.17
Dunham, H. Warren. (1965). Community and Schizophrenia. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Dunham, H. Warren., Patricia Phillips, and Barbara Srinivasan. 1966. “A Research Note on Diagnosed Mental Illness and Social Class.” American Sociological Review 31:223-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2090908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2090908
Ettner, S. L. (1997).”Measuring the Human Cost of a Weak Economy: Does Unemployment Lead to Alcohol Abuse?” Social Science and Medicine 44(2):251–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00160-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00160-8
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2010). The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2810/ 33349 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/ att_120104_EN_EMCDDA_AR2010_EN.pdf
Evans, Gary R. (2013). Inflation and Deflation. Retrieved from http://pages.hmc.edu/evans/inflation.pdf
Faris, Robert E. Lee, and H. Warren Dunham. 1939. Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Feinstein, J. S. 1993. “The Relationship between Socio-economic Status and Health: A Review of the Literature.” Milbank Quarterly 71:279-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3350401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3350401
Feldstein, Martin Stuart 1999. The Costs and Benefits of Price Stability: Papers presented at an NBER Conference held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on Feb. 20 - 21, 1997. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241760.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226241760.001.0001
Forbes, J. F., and A. McGregor. 1984. “Unemployment and Mortality in Post-war Scotland.” Journal of Health Economics 3:219-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(84)90013-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(84)90013-4
Freeman, D. G. 1999. “A Note on Economic Conditions and Alcohol Problems.” Journal of Health Economics 18:661-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(99)00005-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(99)00005-3
Freeman, D. G. 2001. “Beer and the Business Cycle.” Applied Economics Letters 8:51-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048501750041295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/135048501750041295
Frone, M. R. (2015, December 21). “The Great Recession and Employee Alcohol Use: A U.S. Population Study.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000143
Galea, S., C.Hall, and G. A. Kaplan. 2009. “Social Epidemiology and Complex System Dynamic Modelling as Applied to Health Behaviour and Drug Use Research.” International Journal of Drug Policy 20(3):209-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.005
Galea, Sandro, and David Vlahov. 2002. Social Determinants and the Health of Dug Users: Socioeconomic Status, Homelessness, and Incarceration. Public Health Reports 117(Suppl 1):S135-S145.
Gascon, D. J., and H. A. Spiller. 2009. Relationship of Unemployment Rate and Rate of Opiate Exposure in Kentucky. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41(1):99-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400679
Gerdtham, U.-G., and C. J. Ruhm. 2006. Deaths Rise in Good Economic Times: Evidence from the OECD. Economics and Human Biology 4(3):298-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2006.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2006.04.001
Gerstein, Dean R., & :Lawrence W. Green. 1993. Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? Washington: National Academies Press.
Gravelle, Hugh S. E., Gillian Hutchinson, and Jon Stern. 1981 “Mortality and Unemployment: A Critique of Brenner's Time Series Analysis.” The Lancet 9(26):675-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91007-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91007-2
Hall, Robert E. (1979). A Theory of the Natural Unemployment Rate and the Duration of Employment. Journal of Monetary Economics 5(2):153-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(79)90001-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(79)90001-1
Hennekens, Charles H., Julie E. Buring, and Sherry L. Mayrent 1987. Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown.
Higgins, Amy, and Randal Verbrugge. 2015. Is a Nonseasonally Adjusted Median CPI a Useful Signal of Trend Inflation? (2015-13) Retrieved from Economic Commentary/ Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland website: https://www. clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/ economic-commentary/2015-economic-commentaries/ec-201513-is-nonseasonally-adjusted-mcpi-signal.aspx DOI: https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ec-201513
Hobson, Christopher (2014). “Challenging ‘Evil’: Continuity and Change in the Drug Prohibition Regime.” International Politics 51:525-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.17
Hoffman, Joan. 1997. “Macroeconomic Indicators and New York City Women’s Drug Arrests.” Social Justice, 24(1):82-106.
Hoffmann, John P. 1990. “The Historical Shift in the Perception of Opiates: From Medicine to Social Menace.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 22(1):53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472197
Hollingshead, August B., and Frederick C. Redlich. 1958. Social Class and Mental Illness. New York: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10645-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10645-000
Humensky, J. L. 2010. “Are Adolescents with High Socioeconomic Status More Likely to Engage in Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in Early Adulthood?” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 5(1):19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-5-19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-5-19
Irwin, Neil (2015, October 24). The 57-Year-Old Chart That Is Dividing the Fed. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/upshot/the-57-year-old-chart-that-is-dividing-the-fed.html
Johnston, Lloyd, Patrick M. O’Malley, Jerald G. Bachman, and John E. Schulenberg. 2013. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2011: Volume I, Secondary School Students. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Joyce, Theodore J., and Naci H. Mocan, N. 1993. “Unemployment and Infant Health: Time-Series Evidence from the State of Tennessee.” Journal of Human Resources 28(1):185-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/146093
Kandel, Denise B., & Kazuo Yamaguchi 1987. ”Job Mobility and Drug Use: An Event History Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 93:836-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228585
Karanikolos, Marina, Philipa Mladovsky, Jonathan Cylus, Sarah Thomson, Sanjay Basu, David Stuckler, Johan P. Mackenbach, and Martin McKee. (2013). “Financial Crisis, Austerity, and Health in Europe.” Lancet 381(9874):1323-1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6
Kleinbaum, David G., Mitchell Klein, and Erica R. Pryor (2002). Logistic regression: A self-learning text. New York: Springer.
Kruger, Niklas A., and Mikael K Svensson. 2010. “Good Times are Drinking Times: Empirical Evidence on Business Cycles and Alcohol Sales in Sweden 1861-2000.” Applied Economics Letters 17:543-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850802167215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850802167215
Lahelma, Eero, Risto Kangas, and Kristina Manderbacka. 1995. “Drinking and Unemployment: Contrasting Patterns Among Men and Women.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 37(1):71-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)01054-O DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)01054-O
Lantz, Paula M., and Andrew Pritchard. 2010. “Socioeconomic Indicators that Matter for Population Health.” Preventing Chronic Disease 7(4):A74. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/ 2010/jul/09_0246.htm
Layard, P. Richard G., Stephen J. Nickell, and Richard Jackman. 1991. Unemployment: Macroeconomic Performance and the Labour Market. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Leonard, Jonathan S. 1986. In the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time: The Extent of Frictional and Structural Unemployment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w1979
Levine, Harry G. 2003. “Global Drug Prohibition: Its Uses and Crises.” International Journal of Drug Policy 14(2):145-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00003-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00003-3
Luoto, Riitta, Kari Poikolanen, and Anttii Uutela. 1998. “Unemployment, Sociodemographic Background and Consumption of Alcohol Before and During the Economic Recession of the 1990s in Finland.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27:623-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.4.623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.4.623
Maddock, Jay E., Meghan McGurk, and Lee Thomas (2015). “Attitudes of Policy Makers in Hawaii Toward Public Health and Related Issues Before and After an Economic Recession in the United States.” Frontiers in Public Health, 3(146):1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00146
Makela, Pia. (1999). Alcohol-related Mortality During an Economic Boom and Recession. Contemporary Drug Problems 26:369-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009145099902600302
Martin. Barbara A., Thomas P. McCoy, Heather Champion, Maria T. Parries, Robert H. DuRant, Ananda Mitra, and Scott D.Rhodes. 2009. The Role of Monthly Spending Money in College Student Drinking Behaviors and their Consequences. Journal of American College Health 57(6):587-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.6.587-596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.6.587-596
McAvinchey, Ian D. 1988. A Comparison of Unemployment, Income and Mortality Interaction for five European Countries. Applied Economics 20(4):453-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036848800000057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848800000057
McKenna, Joseph P. (1977). Aggregate economic analysis (5th ed.). Hinsdale, IL: Dryden.
Mendoza, M. May 13, 2010. US Drug War Has Met None of Its goals. Associated Press.
Mounteney, J., & Griffiths, P. (2014). Increasing Complexity in European Drug Use: Highlights from the EMCDDA’s 2014 European Drug Report. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 21(6), 482-483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2014.963516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2014.963516
Mustonen, H., Paakannen, P., and Simpura, J. (1994). Drinking Habits among the Employed and Unemployed. Nordisk Alkoholtidskrift, 11, 21-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/145507259401101S06
National Research Council (2001). Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001.
National Research Council (2010). Understanding the Demand for Illegal Drugs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Nicholson, Thomas, David F. Duncan, and John B. White. 2002. Is Recreational Drug Use Normal? Journal of Substance Use 7:116-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659890209169340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890209169340
Patton, Michael. 2013. “Inflation Or Deflation: Which Is The Greater Risk?” Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/ mikepatton/2013/07/01/the-truth-behind-the-feds-monetary-expansion/
Pearlin, Leonard I., and Clarice W. Radabaugh. 1976. Economic Strains and the Coping Functions of Alcohol. American Journal of Sociology 82:652-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/226357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/226357
Quaglio, GianLuca, Theodoros Karapiperis, Lieve Van Woensel, Elleke Arnold, and David McDaid (2013). "Austerity and health in Europe." Health Policy 113(1):13-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.09.005
Reed, Stephen B., and Kenneth J. Stewart. 2014. “Why does BLS provide both the CPI-W and CPI-U?” Beyond the Numbers: Prices and Spending 3(5):1. Retrieved from http://www.bls. gov/opub/btn/volume-3/why-does-bls-provide-both-the-cpi-w-and-cpi-u.htm
Rippy, Darren. 2012. “Current Price Topics: The Experimental Consumer Price Index for Older Americans (CPI-E).” Focus on Prices and Spending 2(15):1. Retrieved from http://data. bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/opub/focus/volume2_number15/ cpi_2_15.htm
Rippy, Darren. 2014. "The First Hundred Years of the Consumer Price Index: A Methodological and Political History." Monthly Labor Review 137:1. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ opub/mlr/2014/article/the-first-hundred-years-of-the-consumer-price-index.htm DOI: https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2014.13
Ritson, Bruce. 2003. The 1999 ESPAD Report. The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Students in 30 European Countries. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38(1):99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agg034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agg034
Room, Robin. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review 24(2):143-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434
Ruhm, Christopher J. 1995. Economic Conditions and Alcohol Problems. Journal of Health Economics 14:583-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(95)00024-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(95)00024-0
Ruhm, Christopher J. (2000). Are Recessions Good for Your Health? Quarterly Journal of Economics 617-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355300554872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554872
Ruhm, Christopher J. (2005). Commentary: Mortality Increases During Economic Upturns. International Journal of Epidemiology 34:1206-1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi143
Seeman, Melvin, Alice Z. Seeman, and Art Budros. (1988). Powerlessness, Work, and Community: A Longitudinal Study of Alienation and Alcohol Use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29:185-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2137031
Shah, N. 2012, September 7. “Decoding 'Natural' Rate of Unemployment.” The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443686004577635652468415814
Shilling, A. Gary. 1999. Deflation: How to survive and thrive in the coming wave of deflation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Smart, Reginald G., and Glenn F. Murray. 1983). Drug Abuse and Affluence in Five Countries: A Study of Economic and Health Conditions, 1960-1975. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 11:297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(83)90021-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(83)90021-2
Smart, Reginald G., and Glenn F. Murray. 1985). Narcotic Drug Abuse in 152 Countries: Social and Economic Conditions as Predictors. International Journal of the Addictions, 20(5):737-749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088509044293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088509044293
Søgaard, JES. 1992. Econometric Critique of the Economic Change Model of Mortality. Social Science & Medicine 34(9):947-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90125-A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90125-A
Stern, J. (1983). The Relationship Between Unemployment, Morbidity, and Mortality in Britain. Population Studies 37:61-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.1983.10405924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.1983.10405924
Stuckler, David, Sanjay Basu, Marc Suhrcke, and Martin McKee. 2009. "The Health Implications of Financial Crisis: A Review of the Evidence." The Ulster Medical Journal 78(3):142-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61124-7
Stuckler, David, Sanjay Basu, Marc Suhrcke, Adam Coutts, and Martin McKee. 2009. The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis. The Lancet 374(9686):315-323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61124-7
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012). Comparing and Evaluating Youth Substance Use Estimates from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and Other Surveys. HHS Publication No. SMA 12-4727, Methodology Series M-9. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Tapia Granados, Jose A. (2005). Increasing Mortality during the Expansions of the US Economy, 1900-1996. International Journal of Epidemiology 34:1194-1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi141
Tapia Granados, Jose A., and Ionides, Edward L. (2008). The Reversal of the Relation between Economic Growth and Health Progress: Sweden in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Journal of Health Economics 27(3):544-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.006
The Economist (2011). Drug Use and Abuse: The Fire Next Time. The Economist, p.
The Economist (2015). Pocket World in Figures. London: Profile Books.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2015). World Drug Report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization,
Wagstaff, Adam. 1985. Time Series Analysis of the Relationship between Unemployment and Mortality: A Survey of Econometric Critiques and Replications of Brenner's Studies. Social Science & Medicine 21(9):985-996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(85)90420-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(85)90420-4
Westermeyer, Joseph. 1988. The Pursuit of Intoxication: Our 100 Century-old Romance with Psychoactive Substances. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 14(2):175-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952999809001545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999809001545
Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (4th ed.). Mason, OH: South Western, Cengage Learning.
Yen, Irene H., and S. Leonard Syme. 1999. The Social Environment and Health: a Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature. Annual Review of Public Health 20:287-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.287
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 International Journal of Criminology and Sociology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
