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Abstract: Co-production of thermostable extracellular cellulase and xylanase was investigated using bacterial soil isolate. To evaluate the effect of culture conditions on the c-oproduction of both enzymes by Bacillus subtilis 276NS (GenBank accession number JF801740), a Plackett-Burman fractional factorial design was applied. Among the tested variables, yeast extract, sucrose and incubation time were the most significant variables increased cellulase and xylanase productions. Both of xylan and CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose) induced the xylanse enzyme production. A near-optimum medium formulation was obtained which increased the cellulase and xylanase enzymes 5.7- and 1.08 –fold higher than the yield obtained with the basal medium, respectively. Thereafter, the response surface methodology was adopted to acquire the best process conditions among the selected variables (xylan, CMC and Yeast Extract (YE)) required for improving xylanase yield. The optimal combinations of the major medium constituents for xylanase production evaluated using non-linear optimization algorithm of EXCEL-solver, was as follows (g/L): D-sucrose, 10; xylan, 10.367, CMC, 10.535; (NH4)2SO4, 1.0; YE, 1.71; Tween-80, 0.4 and FeSO4, 0.25 mg/L, at pH 8.0, temperature 35◦C and incubation time 24h under shaking. The predicted optimum thermostable xylanase activity was 360 U/ml, which was around 4-times the activity with the basal medium. Keywords: Thermostable enzymes, Experimental design, Bacillus, Medium Optimization, Enzyme production.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in Malaysia and up to 80% of its patients seek complementary therapies. Globally, up to 95% of cancer patient use adjunct therapies to reduce chemotherapy-induced side-effects. Morgan et al. (2004) had showed that conventional treatment for colon cancer produced minimal results. The vast majority of cancer survivors admitted to using dietary supplements and herbs after their cancer diagnosis. Current treatment seems to pay more attention to cancer as a disease rather than meeting the physiological needs of the patient. Nutritional therapy should be individually tailored since dietary deficiency is multifactorial and the tumor burden for each patient is different. Cancer is a metabolic disorder and colon cancer is strongly associated with advancing age, dietary and lifestyle habits. Up to 90% of all cancers might be prevented with proper nutrition since one-third of overall cancer deaths are linked to malnutrition. This case study shows how a late stage colon adenocarcinoma might be completely reversed by evidence-based phyto-nutritional therapy combined with some lifestyle modifications. The cancer apoptotic properties of this natural protocol warrant further investigation involving a higher number of patients with similar conditions. Keywords: :Colon cancer, metabolic disorder, complementary medicine, phyto-nutritional therapy, apoptosis.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: A modified phage-enzyme link immunosorbent assay (phage-ELISA) and a phage dot-blot assay specific for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody were developed by using phage display technology. The phage-ELISA and phage dot-blot assays enabled to detect HBsAg and anti-HBsAg in human sera, and compatible to commercial detection kit. The fusion phages were immobilized onto microtiter plate wells and nitrocellulose membrane sheets, then blocked with 10% milk diluent, and added with human serum at dilution of 1:5000. The absorbance at 405 nm was determined once the colour changes formed. The same human serum also applied on the commercial diagnostic kit for comparison. The statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and T Test (LSD) for variable comparison between phage-ELISA and phage dot-blot assays. Based on these studies, the phage-ELISA was found to be more sensitive compared to phage dot-blot assay as the detection of HBsAg in human sera was about 80% as compared to 51.7% by using phage dot-blot assay. Meanwhile, the sensitivity for detection of anti-HBsAg by using phage-ELISA was slightly higher which showed about 83.3%. However, the sensitivity of the assay was dropped almost half when using phage dot-blot assay. Therefore, they are practical to be used as a reliable alternative way for the detection HBsAg and its antibody in human sera. Keywords: HBsAg, phage-ELISA, phage dot-blot assay, human sera.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Probiotics have always been a unique category of natural products due to established evidences of their applications in wellness of human beings. Inspite of being based on live microorganisms, commercial exploration of probiotics as biologics, pharmaceuticals, food and nutritional supplements has witnessed a tremendous increase due to their potential of providing health benefits. Currently different regulatory bodies across the globe consider probiotics under several categories depending upon their intended use. In order to clear the ambiguity related to regulatory specifications, assurance of quality and premarketing safety assessment for drafting of comprehensive guidelines with global acceptance is need of the hour. The aim of this paper is to compare existing regulations in countries like United States, India and Malaysia to develop harmonized guidelines for approval of probiotics. Keywords: Dietary supplements, Functional food, Lactobacillus, Probiotics, Regulatory guidelines, FDA.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The nervous system diseases are easy to get and hard to cure. The mechanism is bound up with nervous cells injure, so it’s significant to study medicine protect nervous cells injure. We need find an ideal model to study these diseases. PC12 cell is a pheochromocytoma cell line from RattusNorvegicus, because it has some characters of nerve cells and easy to cultivate and passage, these cells have been proved to be a useful cell model to study nervous physiology and pharmacology. There are several of PC12 cells, American type culture collection supply two kinds of PC12 cell named PC12 cell and PC12Adh. There are high differentiation, low differentiation and undifferentiating in domestic. Although they are very similar, there are still some differences, and not every PC12 cell is effective for every experimental model. After compared, we hold that PC12Adh cell line is more suitable for neurite outgrowth studies under ROCK inhibitor than the PC12 cell line, PC12 cells that induced by NGF and high differentiated PC12 cell are similar to cerebral cortical neurons, they are suitable for various physiological and pathological study of nervous system. Undifferentiated PC12 cells due to low levels of dopamine, therefore it is not suitable for study on neural cells. Keywords: Nerve cells, PC12 Cell, Cell differentiation, Neural injury.Download Full Article |