JBAS Articles

JBASV8N2A45- Long Term Wind Trends Analysis of Coastal Belt of Pakistan

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Long Term Wind Trends Analysis of Coastal Belt of Pakistan

Zeeshan Alam Nayyar, Nayyer Alam Zaigham and Abdul Qadeer

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.45

Abstract: Pakistan has a long coastal belt, stretched over an area of more than 1000 km from Indian border in east to Iranian border in west, which has varying nature of geomorphic, geologic and climatic setups. In view to understand the characteristic nature of the area in relevance to undertake the wind energy assessment study, it is imperative to carry out the time-series climatic analyses especially for the wind parameters. Pakistan coastal belt has its unique windy nature because of the monsoon period in summer and land-to-sea wind behavior in winter, which further varies respect to coastal geomorphologic features. A research study has been conducted to analyze the long term wind speed trends for the salient cities lying near the coast of Pakistan. The seasonal decomposition technique, i.e. multiplicative model, was applied for the wind trend analyses using the wind data of 60 years for five major cities namely Karachi, Badin & Hyderabad in Sindh province and Lasbella & Ormara in Balochistan province. The present study describes the methodology adopted for the calculation of long term wind speed trends and subsequent the results indicate different wind variables of long term time-series analyses for the selected five cities.

Keywords: Wind speed, time series analyses, seasonal decomposition, Pakistan

 

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The Effect of Grain Size on Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Samples of Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan

Tabassum Nasir and Nisar Ahmad

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.29

Abstract: Radon concentration and its exhalation rate has been measured from twenty five soil samples collected from seven different locations of Dera Ismail Khan, in the north west of Pakistan. These samples were crushed after drying and passed through sieves with different sizes of pores to get three grain sizes, £0.595 mm, 0.595-2.00 mm and 2.00-4.00 mm of soil. CR-39 based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters have been used to measure the radon concentration and exhalation rates. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has found to be: (3.57±0.38) Bq m-2 hr-1 in the samples having grain size 2.00-4.00 mm and the minimum as: (2.21±0.26) Bq m-2 hr-1, in the samples with grain size £ 0.0595 mm. This indicates that the radon exhalation rate increases with the grain size. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has been found in samples collected from river side where soil texture is silty clay loam. The obtained values of radon exhalation rate for all the samples are well below the world average value of 57.60 Bq m-2 hr-1.

Keywords: Radon concentration, Radon exhalation rate, grain size, soil texture.

JBASV8N2A46- Atmospheric Metal Constituent, Concentration and Health Impacts in the Urban Environment of Faisalabad (Pakistan)

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

 

Atmospheric Metal Constituent, Concentration and Health Impacts in the Urban Environment of Faisalabad (Pakistan)

Muhammad Attique Khan Shahid, Khadim Hussain and Maryam Saeed Awan

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.46

Abstract: Currently rapidly growing heavy metal pollution is a burning issue due to deteriorating air quality and health status of the inhabitants of the world. In the present study heavy metals in the solid aerosols as well as in the human blood samples from randomly selected sites related to Faisalabad environment were estimated using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The order of concentration of these toxic metals were found to be Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cd for solid aerosols while Cu>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd for blood samples. Overall effect of all these elements present in solid aerosols and blood samples is 22.5 % and 23.11% respectively. The contribution of different kinds of industries is the major source of emission of these elements in the environment. From where these enter in the food web and food chain when deposited on land or inhaled by the inhabitants of the area concerned. Concentration factor and Pollution load index (PLI) were also calculated which showed the shifting of Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni from solid aerosols to human blood causing severe health hazards while Pb was the only element found in blood which has its origin other than solid aerosols. This state of affairs shows that atmosphere of Faisalabad has worsened to an extent that protective measures are urgently required to overcome the health hazards generated by these potentially toxic pollutants.

Keywords: Elemental atmospheric air pollution, positive co-relationship with human blood, confirmed through concentration factor and pollution load index, hazardous effects on human health, protective measures suggested.

 

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The Effect of Grain Size on Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Samples of Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan

Tabassum Nasir and Nisar Ahmad

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.29

Abstract: Radon concentration and its exhalation rate has been measured from twenty five soil samples collected from seven different locations of Dera Ismail Khan, in the north west of Pakistan. These samples were crushed after drying and passed through sieves with different sizes of pores to get three grain sizes, £0.595 mm, 0.595-2.00 mm and 2.00-4.00 mm of soil. CR-39 based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters have been used to measure the radon concentration and exhalation rates. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has found to be: (3.57±0.38) Bq m-2 hr-1 in the samples having grain size 2.00-4.00 mm and the minimum as: (2.21±0.26) Bq m-2 hr-1, in the samples with grain size £ 0.0595 mm. This indicates that the radon exhalation rate increases with the grain size. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has been found in samples collected from river side where soil texture is silty clay loam. The obtained values of radon exhalation rate for all the samples are well below the world average value of 57.60 Bq m-2 hr-1.

Keywords: Radon concentration, Radon exhalation rate, grain size, soil texture.

JBASV8N2A40- Morphological Study and Determination of M/E Ratio in the Bone Marrow of the Male Adult Ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Morphological Study and Determination of M/E Ratio in the Bone Marrow of the Male Adult Ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Mina Tadjalli, Saeed Nazifi, Behrokh Marzban and Banafsheh Majidi

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.40

Abstract: Normal haematopoiesis, cellular components and M/E ratio in the bone marrow of the male adult ostriches (Struthio camelus) were studied. Bone marrow samples were collected from the proximal tibiotarsus bone of 10 healthy adult ostriches. The bone marrow smears were stained using the Giemsa stain. The results indicated that the development and formation of blood cells in the bone marrow of partridge were similar to other birds. The morphology of the cells was similar to chickens, ducks, quail, and black-head gull. The mean myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio was 1.02, the mean erythroid percentage was 47.38%, the mean myeloid percentage was 48.15%, the mean thrombocytic percentage was 3.52% and the mean percentage of all other cells percentage was 0.99%.

Keywords: Bone marrow, Haematopoietic cells morphology, M/E ratio, Ostrich.

 

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The Effect of Grain Size on Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Samples of Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan

Tabassum Nasir and Nisar Ahmad

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.29

Abstract: Radon concentration and its exhalation rate has been measured from twenty five soil samples collected from seven different locations of Dera Ismail Khan, in the north west of Pakistan. These samples were crushed after drying and passed through sieves with different sizes of pores to get three grain sizes, £0.595 mm, 0.595-2.00 mm and 2.00-4.00 mm of soil. CR-39 based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters have been used to measure the radon concentration and exhalation rates. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has found to be: (3.57±0.38) Bq m-2 hr-1 in the samples having grain size 2.00-4.00 mm and the minimum as: (2.21±0.26) Bq m-2 hr-1, in the samples with grain size £ 0.0595 mm. This indicates that the radon exhalation rate increases with the grain size. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has been found in samples collected from river side where soil texture is silty clay loam. The obtained values of radon exhalation rate for all the samples are well below the world average value of 57.60 Bq m-2 hr-1.

Keywords: Radon concentration, Radon exhalation rate, grain size, soil texture.

JBASV8N2A41- Physico-Chemical Analysis of Solid Aerosols Generated from Different Industries of Faisalabad

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Solid Aerosols Generated from Different Industries of Faisalabad

Muhammad Attique Khan Shahid, Khadim Hussain and Maryam Saeed Awan

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.41

Abstract: The physical, chemical and electrical characteristics of industrial aerosols generated from different industries of Faisalabad were investigated not only to improve the industrial setup efficiency but also to reduce the environment pollution generated due to these industries. XRPD technique was employed to study these samples which showed the presence of illite, Quartz, calcite, dolomite, gypsum and chlorite as major phases. The values of resistivity of solid aerosols are in high range (0.07×107 to 4.0×109 Ωm) conversely the electrical conductivities are in lower range (0.21-13.30Mho), may be due to high components of Fe2O3 and CaO. Coal fly ash and foundry aerosols do precipitate well in the electrostatic precipitator given their operational temperature and moisture content so it is recommended that by changing the temperature and moisture content of the precipitator its cleaning action and hence the industrial efficiency may be improved. The most of the solid aerosols are alkaline therefore acidic rain probability in near future is completely ruled out. 80% basic (Dark color), 20% acidic (light color) of particulate matter confirms our experimental findings. The SEM analysis of particulate matter showed the presence of a variety of patches but confirms the dominance of industrial cum transportational aerosols interlocking and soot particles. Finally comprehensive research and administrative based solution to tackle the issue without affecting the development process is suggested.

Keywords: Industrial solid aerosols, high resistively, low conductivity, industrial cum transportational interlocking, soot particles.

 

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The Effect of Grain Size on Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Samples of Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan

Tabassum Nasir and Nisar Ahmad

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.29

Abstract: Radon concentration and its exhalation rate has been measured from twenty five soil samples collected from seven different locations of Dera Ismail Khan, in the north west of Pakistan. These samples were crushed after drying and passed through sieves with different sizes of pores to get three grain sizes, £0.595 mm, 0.595-2.00 mm and 2.00-4.00 mm of soil. CR-39 based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters have been used to measure the radon concentration and exhalation rates. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has found to be: (3.57±0.38) Bq m-2 hr-1 in the samples having grain size 2.00-4.00 mm and the minimum as: (2.21±0.26) Bq m-2 hr-1, in the samples with grain size £ 0.0595 mm. This indicates that the radon exhalation rate increases with the grain size. The maximum average value of radon exhalation rate has been found in samples collected from river side where soil texture is silty clay loam. The obtained values of radon exhalation rate for all the samples are well below the world average value of 57.60 Bq m-2 hr-1.

Keywords: Radon concentration, Radon exhalation rate, grain size, soil texture.