Solvent Isotope Effect on Hydrogen-Transfer Reduction of CO₂ into Formate with Glycerine by Alkaline Hydrothermal Reaction
Pages 21-24
Zheng Shen, Minyan Gu, Long Yang, Shiyang Liu, Wei Zhang and Wenjie Dong

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2015.04.01.3

Published: 11 March 2015

Abstract: To examine the solvent isotope effect on hydrogen-transfer reduction of CO₂ into formate with glycerine by alkaline hydrothermal reaction, intermediates were identified by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, ²H-NMR, LC-MS analyses. The results showed that (1) CO₂ was indeed converted into abiogenic formate; (2) a ketone carbonyl group as intermediate product was formed on hydrogen-transfer reduction of CO₂ into formate with glycerine by alkaline hydrothermal reaction; (3) acetol was the most probable intermediate in the first reaction by undergoing a dehydration rather than a dehydrogenation.

Wind Power Integration Control Technology for Sustainable, Stable and Smart Trend: A Review
Pages 25-40
Hui-Jia Yang and Zhen-Yu Zhao

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2015.04.01.4

Published: 11 March 2015

Abstract: The key to achieve sustainable development of wind power is integration absorptive, involving the generation, transmission, distribution, operation, scheduling plurality of electric production processes. The paper based on the analyses of the situation of wind power development and grid integration requirements for wind power, summarized wind power integration technologies’ development, characteristics, applicability and trends from five aspects, grid mode, control technology, transmission technology, scheduling, and forecasting techniques. And friendly integration, intelligent control, reliable transmission, and accurate prediction would be the major trends of wind power integration, these five aspects interactive and mutually reinforcing would realize common development both grid and wind power, both economic and ecological.

Development of a Hydrous Ethanol Fuel Feeding Device for Spark-Ignition Engine
Pages 159-165
Alexis T. Belonio, Manuel Jose C. Regalado, Neil Caesar M. Tado and Emmanuel V. Sicat

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2014.03.04.1

Published: 05 December 2014

Abstract: While the Philippine Biofuels Act of 2006 mandates the use of anhydrous bioethanol as blend for gasoline, the potential of hydrous ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines has not been fully realized. This study explored the possibility of using hydrous ethanol as fuel for spark-ignition engines with minimal modifications and without the need for gasoline blend.

A fuel feeding device was developed to feed hydrous ethanol fuel into the intake manifold of the engine, bypassing the carburetor. By replacing the components that are not compatible with hydrous ethanol and installing a fuel feeding device developed at PhilRice, two spark-ignition engines were able to run solely on 80-95% hydrous ethanol fuel. The fuel economy was found to be a significant issue in the utilization of hydrous ethanol fuel as there is a 75% increase in fuel consumption when using hydrous ethanol. There is potential for hydrous ethanol to be used as fuel if it can be produced locally and sold at half the pump price of gasoline.

Influence of Magnetic Frequency on the Thermal Behaviour of Heat Transfer Equipment
Pages 177-184
Samuel Sami

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2014.03.04.4

Published: 05 December 2014

Abstract: This paper presents a description of the mathematical model developed to predict the natural frequency of a particular refrigerant or refrigerant mixture and magnetic field frequency using the one-dimensional fluid flow conservation equations. The results show the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Reynolds number in the presence and absence of magnetic field. However, the results also provide evidence of enhanced heat transfer and heat flux under magnetic field compared to without magnetic field. In addition, the results presented in the paper clearly provide evidence that the heat transmission has been consistently enhanced when magnetic field is applied. It also appears that heat transfer enhancement is greater at higher Nusselt numbers.

Renewable Energy Sources: Global and Russian Outlook Up to 2040
Pages 185-194
Anna Galkina, Vyacheslav Kulagin and Irina Mironova

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2014.03.04.5

Published: 05 December 2014

Abstract: During the period up to 2040, renewable energy sources (RES) will have the highest growth rates of all forms of energy. Based on the calculations on the world energy model incorporated in the SCANER modelling and information complex (working on the basis of optimization, econometric analysis, and balance approach), key trends in the world consumption of renewable energy sources; the share of OECD and non-OECD countries in the use of the renewable energy sources; consumption of renewable energy sources by type; end use and the impact on the electricity sector during the period up to 2040 were observed. The main finding of the paper is that RES are becoming more competitive and therefore will be used on an increasingly wide scale not only in the OECD countries, but also in the whole world. At the same time, due to the fact that RES start their take-off from a modest basis, they will only have a limited influence on the shares of hydrocarbons in the energy mix.