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Abstract : Effect of Centaurea pullata Methanolic Extract on the Growth of Portulaca oleracea
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Abstract: Phytotoxicity or allelopathy means poisonous results by a composite onplantgrowth, composites may be trace metals, pesticides salinity or phytotoxins. Some of the medicinal plants have phytotoxic activities which inhibit the growth of weeds and unwanted plants which are not of our desire. The present study is aimed to investigate the phytotoxic assessment of Centaurea pullata methanolic extract (CPME) roots. Dried plant were ground and extracted with methanol to prepare methanol crude extract. In-vitro phytotoxicity activity was conducted using these methanolic extracts as per standard procedures. The inhibitory effect of Centaurea pullata extract is tested on stalk and root of Portulaca oleracea and using four concentrations (3, 1.5, 0.75 and 0.37mg/ml) of plant extract and distal water in control. The result is noted on 5th and 10th days. The results obtained from these experiments showed that the crude methanolic extract of Centaurea pullata slightly inhibits the roots and shoots of Portulaca oleracea seeds as compared to the control plate which was not treated by the above mentioned sample extracts shown in Figures as. From the results obtained that, Phytotoxicity activity of Centaurea pullata methanolic extract showed non-significant results. Purification and in vivo studies of these plant are required for further verification. Keywords: Phytotoxicity, Alelopathic, Portulaca oleracea, Centaurea pullata. |
Abstract : Effect of Metal Ions, Solvents and Surfactants on the Activity of Protease from Aspergillus niger KIBGE-IB36
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Abstract: Metal ions greatly impact on the enzymatic activity, they may form strong interaction by forming coordinate bond with enzyme-substrate at the catalytic site which may activate, inhibit or stabilized the enzyme molecules. In this study, extracellular protease from Aspergillus niger KIBGE-IB36 was precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate. It was revealed that K+, Ba2+, Na+, Mg2+ Zn2+, Ca2+ boosted the protease activity whereas, Cs+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, V2+, Co2+, Hg2+ and Al3+ showed to be inhibitor of protease. Dimethyl sulfoxide (5.0 mM) and methanol (5.0 mM) showed catalytic activity while ethanol at same concentration exhibited inhibitory effect. Protease activity augmented with Tween 80, while SDS, Triton X-100, EDTA and PMSF exhibited inhibitory effect. Keywords: Metals, Inhibition, Activation, Protease, Aspergillus niger, Organic Solvents. |
Abstract : Management of Different Dairy Production Systems in Sindh
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Abstract: The study of management of different dairy production system in Sindh was conducted in randomly selected from three zones consisting of nine districts of Sindh province of Pakistan. The data was collected from central zone consisting of three districts (Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad) in 2005-06, from upper zone (districts i.e. Larkana, Sukkur and Shikarpur) in 2006-07, and from lower Sindh zone(Karachi, Thatta and Badin) in years 2007-08. The educational status indicated that the graduate dairy farmers were significantly (P<0.05) high (21.11%) at urban dairy farming systems compared to peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming systems. The results shows that urban and peri urban farming mostly was operated by ≥ 40 years of age group but under, rural market oriented , rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming ≥50 years of age group. The average herd size of urban dairy farming system was (52.67 animals per farm) higher as compare to peri-urban, rural market oriented, mixed and rural subsistence dairy farming system in upper zone. In central zone the results showed that the average herd size of peri-urban dairy farming system was significantly (100.00/farm) higher followed by other farming systems. The average herd size under urban dairy farming system in lower zone observed significantly (P<0.05) high (167.00/farm) as compared to other dairy farming systems. The overall average annual inventories at the beginning of the year urban, peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed farming were 129049, 82920, 74634, 35300 and 46658 rupees, respectively and averaging 73712 rupees. The total cost were relatively higher Rs.64506 per animal under urban farming, and the lowest total costs of Rs.31884 per animal were noted under mixed farming system. The total income generated by operators of urban dairy farms in nine districts were recorded high followed by peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming system. It was observed that from the results that the cost: benefit ratio was significantly higher 1:0.47 under mixed farming system, followed by rural market oriented farming with average cost benefit ratio of 1:0.44. However, the cost benefit ratio under peri-urban, urban, rural subsistence dairy farming systems was 1:0.42, 1:0.36 and 1: 0.34 respectively. The results indicated that the capital turnover was higher 5.66 in case of urban farming indicating that the entrepreneur of urban dairy farming system will recoup their capital investment in 5.66 years, while the capital turnover of peri urban, rural subsistence, rural market oriented and mixed dairy farming systems was 4.33, 4.25, 3.82 and 3.72 indicates that they will recoup their capital investment in 4.33, 4.25 and 3.82 years, respectively. However, the entrepreneurs of mixed farming system will recoup their capital investment in 3.72 years, respectively. Keywords: Dairy, production, farming, literacy, economic efficiencies, zones, Sindh. |
Abstract : Effect of Different Synthetic Pesticides Against Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) On Bt. and non-Bt. Cotton Crop
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Abstract: The field studies were conducted at the farmer’s field in 2015-2016 to determine the effect of three different insecticides (triazon, radiant and polytrin C) on Bt. and non-Bt. cotton varieties against pink bollworm. The results revealed that triazon was observed the most effective pesticide against PBW on both cotton varieties. The mortality reduction percent of 33.99 to 30.45% was recorded at triazon, 27.72 to 26.95% at radiant and 24.68 to 14.48% at polytrin C respectively, in 2015. However, in 2016 the mortality reduction percent decreased but effective trend of these selected pesticides were observed same with mortality reduction percent of 28.15 to 25.46% at triazon, 21.95 to 23.52% at radiant and 19.96 to 16.37% at polytrin C in Bt. and non-Bt. cotton varieties. In present investigation, triazon was observed the most effective pesticide than radiant and polytrin C on larvae of PBW in both Bt. and non-Bt. varieties. Keywords: Pesticides, pink bollworm, Bt. and non-Bt. Cotton. |
Abstract : Classification Techniques in Machine Learning: Applications and Issues
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Abstract: Classification is a data mining (machine learning) technique used to predict group membership for data instances. There are several classification techniques that can be used for classification purpose. In this paper, we present the basic classification techniques. Later we discuss some major types of classification method including Bayesian networks, decision tree induction, k-nearest neighbor classifier and Support Vector Machines (SVM) with their strengths, weaknesses, potential applications and issues with their available solution. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of different classification techniques in machine learning. This work will be helpful for both academia and new comers in the field of machine learning to further strengthen the basis of classification methods. Keywords: Machine learning, classification, classification review, classification applications, classification algorithms, classification issues. |