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Abstract: Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC. (Meliaceae) is a deciduous plant commonly found on in west Africa and it is used for treatment microbial infections, wounds, rheumatic and arthritic pains. The methanol stem bark extract was investigated for its antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method and macro-dilution technique and time kill kinetics. The antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract and its fractions were evaluated against five bacteria species and a fungus including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus subtilis NCTC 10073, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 4853 and clinical strains of Candida albicans and some of the test bacteria. Phytochemical screening of the crude extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The MICs of the methanol extract against the test organisms were: S. aureus (11.0 mg/mL), E. faecalis (9.0 mg/mL), B. subtilis (13.0 mg/mL) E. coli (17.0 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (19 mg/mL) and C. albicans (15.0 mg/mL). The fractions of the methanol extract (pet ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions) exhibited varying antimicrobial activities, with the highest activity exhibited by the aqueous fraction. The extract exhibited bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity against all test organisms. Time kill studies showed that the extract exhibited an inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth. The results indicate that the methanol stem bark of E. angolense has antibacterial and antifungal activities and may justify the medicinal uses of the plant in the management of bacterial and fungal infections. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, antibacterial, antifungal, time kill kinetics.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: A series of substituted 4-amino-benzenesulfonamides / N-acetyl-4-amino-benzenesulfonamide were designed & synthesized keeping in view the structural requirements of pharmacophore and were evaluated for in-silico antimicrobial activity. For establishing the structure, spectral characterization like FT-IR, 1H NMR, GC-MS and elemental analysis (CHNS) has been performed. The antimicrobial activity of the titled compounds was assessed using in-silico studies (QSAR screening and Docking). It was carried out for the prediction of pharmacokinetic properties and to study the binding properties of drugs with molecular targets. Titled compounds exhibited good binding properties with molecular target. It could be concluded that molecular target responsible for the antimicrobial activity of substituted 4-amino-benzenesulfonamides / N-acetyl-4-amino-benzenesulfonamides may be pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Keywords: Sulfonamide, in-silico studies, statistics, quantitative structure activity relationship. |
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Abstract: Some plants that are processed into foods often contain natural substances that may be hazardous to human health. One example is coumarin, which is known to cause liver and kidney damage in rats, mice and probably humans. Coumarin is found in different Cinnamomum species such as Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum loureiroi, and Cinnamomum burmannii; all commonly referred to as cassia. Another hazardous substance is Safrole. Safrole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals; and is mainly present in cinnamon leaf oil and could be a possible contaminant in cinnamon powder. European Council’s Directive on food flavourings 88/388/EEC limits safrole in foodstuffs to 1ppm. The content of coumarin is regulated in the European Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. In the present study, coumarin and safrole levels were analyzed in locally bought cinnamon samples and cinnamon-flavored food products using a validated HPLC method with diode array detector (DAD). Appreciable amounts of coumarin were found in bakery products with concentrations up to 39.466 mg/kg in certain kinds of cookies, whereas safrole was undetectable. Our exposure data on coumarin in bakery products show that there is still a need for a continued regulation of coumarin in foods. A toxicological re-evaluation of coumarin with the aim to derive scientifically founded maximum limits should be conducted with priority. Keywords: |
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Abstract: Purpose:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and over-growth of the synovium. RA is accompanied with increased levels of free radical and stress oxidative. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in nutritional factors on disease and autoimmune system. More recently literatures have emerged that offers contradictory findings about fish oil on antioxidant levels. So far however, there has been little discussion about fish oil as antioxidant on Rheumatoid arthritis. This paper will focus on effect of fish oil over serum antioxidant levels and activity disease of RA. Methods: A randomized double blinded control trial 90 patients from a population of Rheumatoid Arthritis who were selected. Forty five patients received Fish oil (FO) (1gr /day) in addition of conventional therapy for RA versus 45 patients received placebo. And serum levels of plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxides (GPX) were measured. Results:There was no statistically difference between groups in plasma antioxidant capacity and the activity of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxides. There weren’t any correlation among DAS and antioxidant serum levels. Conclusion: The findings emerging from the present inquiry suggested that FO with 1 gram daily dose didn’t have effect on serum antioxidant level and activity of disease in RA. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, omega3, Fish oil, antioxidant.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Background: Bisphosphonates represent a new class of drugs that have shown very promising therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of a number of diseases associated with abnormally accelerated bone resorption including osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. As an increasing number of these drugs become available for clinical use in the treatment of the millions of individuals with these skeletal diseases, evidence is becoming available that their chronic usage may be associated with a number of gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and inflammation, and erosions and ulceration of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) which is used for osteoarthritis was used to prevent bisphosphonates ulceration. Our objective was to study the preventive effect of MSM against colon ulcer induced by Alendronate (ALN) in rats. The experiments had been done on 8 white wistar rats for each group. The gastric ulcer has been induced by administration of Alendronate (20mg/kg/day) by gavage for 4 days. MSM (400mg/kg/day) has been given for the protective group for 4 days before administration of Alendronate. The ulcers in rats' colon were examined histologically and microscopically. The results showed that administration of MSM before Alendronate inducing ulcer led to a reduction in ulceration and showed significant difference comparing with morbidity group. Conclusion: MSM (400 mg/kg/day) has protective effect of colon ulcer induced by alendronate. Keywords: |