Rydberg Energy Levels and Quantum Defects of some Semiconductor Elements - Pages 113-118

^{Ejaz Ahmed and Jehan Akbar}

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.16

Published: 6 April 2018

Abstract: Weakest bound Electron Potential Model Theory has turned out to be a successful theory in explaining many atomic properties, namely, energy levels, transition probabilities and oscillator strengths. The theory has also been used to calculate Rydberg energy levels and quantum defects. In this paper we studied semiconductor elements Boron and Silicon. We calculated energy levels of Rydberg atoms of Boron and Silicon up to n = 50 levels using WBEPMT. We also calculated quantum defects in principle quantum number for various configurations of these elements.

Keywords: Weakest bound Electron Potential Model Theory, Rydberg Atoms, Rydberg energy levels, Boron, Silicon.

Reinforcement of Lime Ash Particles in LDPE - Pages 119-123

^{N. Khan, Z. Ahmed, M.A. Wasif and A. Nafees}

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.17

Published: 6 April 2018

Abstract: This study presents findings from an experimental investigation on the reinforcement of Lime ash particles (LAP) synthesized from coal fly ash, CaO, and CaSO₄ in Low density Polyethylene (LDPE).

The Lime ash particles are synthesized by reinforcing 0 to 30 weight percentages of LAP in virgin LDPE using compression moulding. The mechanical properties of composites are studied and results showed that by adding LAP in LDPE as filler the Tensile Strength and Impact Strength of the composite decreases due to poor interfacial bonding between filler particles and LDPE but Hardness and Flexural Properties increases due to improved properties of surface.

Keywords: Lime ash particles, fillers, reinforcement, LDPE, polymer.

Spatio-Temporal and Physiographical Study of the Abandoned Sutlej River: A Case of Jhangi Wala, Bahawalpur, Pakistan - Pages 124-130
^{Muhammad Javed Iqbal, M.M. Anwar, Muhammad Nasar U Minallah, Khalil-Ur- Rehman, Noor Hussain Chandio, K.V. Zakharov, Muhammad Mohsin and Muhammad Zafar Iqbal}

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.18

Published: 6 April 2018

Abstract: Rivers are the sign of prosperity, the hub of the economy and act as lifeline for the areas from where they flow. Rivers help in irrigation, ground water recharge, upgrading water quality, maintaining soil fertility, fostering forests. They also support in stabilizing industries, establishing cities and towns. Revirs are the sources of energy generation, enhancing tourism, managing wetlands, boosting fishing, avoiding desertification, droughts, famine and empowering people by providing employment opportunities. Rivers might stop flowing in any area through climatic changes, river piracy, and upper riparian monopoly. Sutlej River is now not flowing in Pakistan due to damming at its upper riparian (India) after the Indus Basin Water Treaty. In this paper, efforts are made to know about evolutionary processes through which Sutlej River passed from the old days and its present cruel and politicized abundance by the upper riparian. The main objective of the paper is to furnish a preliminary data base about Pakistan side (lower riparian) of the Sutlej River. Fact and figures used are mainly from the secondary sources and few primary sources and direct observations. By exploring and knowing about its spatial pattern, temporal evolutions, geographical, geological and physiographical changes and all the processes concerned to the river, it will be possible for us to educate our future generation about the conversion of past mighty and splendid Sutlej River into an abandoned River.

Keywords: Sutlej River, Geospatial, Temporal, Physiographical study, Jhangi Wala, Bahawalpur.

Efficacy of Extraction Methods of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract for Enhanced Growth and Yield of Wheat - Pages 131-135
^{Muhammad Umer Chattha, Imran Khan, Muhammad Umair Hassan, Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Muhammad Nawaz, Asif Iqbal, Nazar Hussain Khan, Naveed Akhtar, Muhammad Usman, Mina Kharal and Muhammad Aman Ullah}

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.19
Published: 13 April 2018

Abstract: A field study was conducted to assess effective method to get Moringa leaf extract, through its response on growth and yield traits of wheat. Extracts of whole or chopped and dry or fresh Moringa leaves were used exogenously i.e. pre-sowing seed soaking as well as water diluted solution based foliar spray application at tillering and booting stages. Significantly higher growth response in term of leaf area index, leaf area duration, and crop growth rate was observed when combination of 30 times diluted moringa leaf extract (MLE) was applied at both crop stages. Yield contributing traits of wheat such as fertile tillers, spikelet’s spikelet’s per spike, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yields were recorded in significantly higher due to 30 times diluted fresh MLE followed by 20 times dilution of Moringa dried leaf powder (DLP). While, control treatment and hydro-priming showed at comparable results in the form of significantly lesser fertile tillers, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain or biological yields. Conclusively, 30 times diluted MLE proved the best among the treatments combinations for improved wheat growth and yield however, the biochemical features responsible for such promotive response are yet to be investigated prior to dissemination of this technology to the farmer field.

Keywords: Moringa, Fresh leaf extracts, Dried leaf extract, wheat, growth, Yield.

Impact of Cooking Methods on Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes of Apple Gourd - Pages 136-140
^{Aamna Soomro, Asadullah Marri, Nida Shaikh, Aijaz Hussain Soomro, Shahzor Gul Khaskheli}

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.20

Published: 13 April 2018

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of some cooking methods on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of apple gourd during 2016-17. For this purpose, vegetable was procured, washed, peeled, sliced and distributed in five equal lots. Four of these lots were used for individual cooking treatments (i.e. T2=boiling, T3=steaming, T4=frying and T5=microwaving), however, last lot was treated as control (i.e. T1=raw/without treatment). After cooking, all samples were used for analysis. It was found that all organic acids (%) i.e. acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid remained significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4, average pH value and moisture content (%) in T2, however, ash, dry matter, fiber content (%) and total soluble solids (Brix°) in T4. Present study also revealed that T4 perceived significantly higher (P<0.05) score for all sensory attributes i.e. color, aroma, taste texture and overall acceptability. It can be concluded from the present study that all cooking treatments applied on apple gourd showed variable impact upon overall physicochemical and sensory properties. It can also be concluded that T4 treatment remained most suitable for maintaining the quality attributes of apple gourd followed by T5, T3, T2 and T1. 

Keywords: Cooking treatments, physicochemical analysis and apple gourd.