jbas
|
|
|
Abstract: Karachi is the largest and most populous metropolitan city of Pakistan and the main seaport and financial centre of the country. Rapid urbanization during last 40 to 50 years caused to accelerate its population to 23.7 million. The objective of this work was to study the impact of urbanization on development of urban heat island (UHI) of Karachi city. The study was conducted by using Finite Volume Mesoscale Model (FVM) in which topography from GTOPO30, land-use from GLC 2000 and Meteorological data from NCEP were used as an input to run the simulation. The simulations were run for three days starting at 00:00 (GMT) on 19th day of April and ending at 00:00 (GMT) on 22nd day of April over selected domain with resolution of 3x3 km of 30 cells. The results showed that there is significance urban heat island presence in Karachi city where the urban area has 5.6°C to 13.5°C higher temperature than its surrounding non-urban areas depending upon the time of a day. Keywords: Urbanization, Finite Volume Mesoscale Model, Karachi, urban heat island.Download Full Article |
|
|
|
Abstract: Weibull distribution function is fitted to a measured wind speed data set at mast height of 30 m and Gharo-Sindh (Pakistan) is selected as a case site under study. Wind speed data recorded in one minute interval for the year 2004 is used to estimate Weibull parameters (k and c). Weibull parameters are calculated using Modified Maximum Likelihood Method (MMLM), Maximum likelihood Method (MLM) and Method of Moment (MoM) and the results obtained are compared. Kolomogorov-Smirnov test, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and R2 tests are performed to test the goodness-of-fit of the Weibull distribution function. The analysis is based on recorded monthly and yearly wind speed data. Goodness-of-fit tests indicate a better performance of MMLM and MLM as compared to MoM. Wind power density is estimated for the site under study using MMLM and Weibull function estimator. A lowest Weibull mean wind speed of 3.73 m/s in the month of October and highest value of 7.90 m/s for August are observed and correspondingly power densities of 80.95 W/m2 and 425.87 W/m2 are obtained. Descriptive statistics for the measured wind speed data is also evaluated. Keywords: Weibull function, Shape and Scale Parameters, Gharo-Sindh Pakistan, FUUAST.Download Full Article |
|
|
|
Abstract: Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium were compared for their toxicities against brine shrimps (Artemia salina). After applying statistical method of probits to the experimental data, H. canadensis was found to be the most toxic with the LC50of 3.236 mg/ml, while, B. aristata showed moderate toxic potential showing that of 60.264 mg/ml and A. millefolium manifested the highest value, that is, 41297.5 mg/ml. Keywords: Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium L., invitrotoxicity assay, Artemia salina, Probit, LC50.Download Full Article |
|
|
|
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to investigate tuberculosis patients’ demographic distribution including their sociocultural impacts among various ethnic groups in the study area. Data was collected through questionnaire survey (interviewing patients) at TB diagnostic centers in the study area over a period of eight months (March to October 2013). Analysis was made with the help of Microsoft excel and SPSS version 20 for demographic analysis.The questionnaire survey revealed the respondents in terms of languages as Urdu (33.28), Sindhi (20.63), Punjabi (14.98), Pashtu (11.48), Seraiki (10.48%) and other languages 14.81. Researchers have identified other languages (which included, Hindko, Balti, Persian, Brahvi, Marwari, Gilgiti, Gujrati) as being the most vulnerable/impoverished lingual groups in the study area. Demographically, Urdu speaking TB patients were recorded as 53% females, but the case of Sindhi speaking female patients was slightly high (50.81%) compared to males. Punjabi speaking patients were found to number almost similar to the Urdu speaking patients as the percentage of females was 52.22%. Pashtu speaking females amounted to 44.9 %, while males recorded highest percentage i.e. 55.07%. The occurrence of TB in the purview of lingual distribution of population in Karachi provides an insight into the transmission of the disease especially in the context of the global as well as local environment, cultural and politico-economic scenario. Keywords: Lingual, tuberculosis, demographic, Karachi, socioeconomic.Download Full Article |
|
|
|
Abstract: In this paper we determine the Weibull parameters (k and c) using four methods. Method of Moments, Empirical Method, Energy Pattern Method and Maximum likelihood Method have been employed to determine and compare the values of k and c. The daily wind speed data (obtained from Karachi Meteorological office) of Jiwani (Balochistan, Pakistan) town over a period of 10 years (1998-2007) is used to estimate the Weibull parameters. The mean wind speed was predicted using k and c by four methods. A significant agreement is found in measured and predicted mean wind speed. Keywords: Wind energy, Weibull distribution, Weibull Parameters.Download Full Article |